However:
A- If the jā‘il (reward provider) terminates it, the ‘āmil (worker) is entitled to compensation based on customary wages (ujrat al-mithl).
BENEFIT: the ruling depends on the timing:
- If the contract is terminated before the work begins, the employer owes nothing.
- If the termination occurs after the work has commenced, the worker is entitled to fair compensation (ujrat al-mithl) for the work…
They then brought the sheep to the companions, who said, "We will not accept them until we ask the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him)." When they returned and informed him, he said: "Take them, an
Also, from a rational perspective, this ruling is supported by necessity. In some cases, the nature of the work may be unknown, such as returning a lost animal or finding a lost item. Since the task is uncertain, it cannot be contracted through ijārah due to the ambiguity involved. Also, there may be no volunteers willing to perform such tasks for free. Therefore, the need arises to offer compensation despite the…
1- A person says, "Whoever finds my lost car will receive 1,000 riyals."
2. A person says, "Whoever builds this wall for me will receive a specified reward."
3. Announcements made by authorities offering rewards to those who assist in reporting criminals, such as drug traffickers and the like.
4. A company specialising in exploration is told: "If you discover any of natural resources, you will receive a…
2. The tree's حريم protected area is determined by the length of its branches on all sides. Narrated Abu Sa'id Al-Khudri:
اخْتَصَمَ إِلَى رَسُولِ الله ﷺ رَجُلاَنِ فِي حَرِيمِ نَخْلَةٍ - فِي حَدِيثِ أَحَدِهِمَا فَأَمَرَ بِهَا فَذُرِعَتْ فَوُجِدَتْ سَبْعَةَ أَذْرُعٍ وَفِي حَدِيثِ الآخَرِ - فَوُجِدَتْ خَمْسَةَ أَذْرُعٍ فَقَضَى بِذَاكَ .‏
"Two men brought their dispute about the precincts/boundary of a palm-tree to the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). According to one wording, he ordered to measure and it was measured. It was found seven yards.…
((من أحيا أرضاً ميتة فله فيها أجر، وما أكله العوافي فهو له صدقة))
"Whoever revives dead land shall be rewarded for it, and whatever is consumed by creatures is an act of charity for him." [Reported by Ad-Darimi, 2/267; Ahmad, 3/313; authenticated by Al-Albani in Al-Irwa', 4/6)]
NOTE: "Al-’Awāfī" is the plural of Al-'Āfiyah and Al-'Āfī, referring to any seeker of sustenance, whether a bird, a human, or a beast.
--------------
المسألة الثانية: شروطه وما يحصل به
Conditions and…
Kitāb Al-Buyoo’ (Fiqh Al-Muyassar)
Lesson 16 Notes
(10 Sha’bān 1446 H - 9/2/25)
Continuation...
الباب التاسع عشر: إحياء الموات
The 19th Subchapter: Reviving Dead Lands
المسألة الأولى: في معناه وحكمه
Its Meaning and Ruling
DEFINITION
LINGUISTICALLY
لغة: الموات مشتقٌ من الموت. والموات ما لا روح فيه، والمراد به الأرض التي لم تعمر ولا مالك لها.
Mawāt is derived from mawt (death). Mawāt refers to that which has…
2. The borrowed item is considered a trust (أمانة) in the hands of the borrower. He is obligated to take care of it and return it in the same condition he received it. If he neglects it or misuses it,
NOTE: The Fiqh principle states:
أن ما ترتَّب على المأذونِ فإنه غير مضمون.
"What arises from what is permitted is not subject to liability."
NOTE: The criterion for negligence:
ضابط التفريط: لم يعمل ما يوجب حفظه شرعا/عرفا
Failure to take the necessary actions required by law or customary practice to ensure its safekeeping.
3. Lending (الإعارة) is a non-binding contract, meaning the lender (المعير) has the…
((ما من صاحب إبل ولا بقر ولا غنم، لا يُؤدِّي حقَّها، إلا أُقْعِدَ لها يوم القيامة بقاعٍ قَرْقَرٍ يعني: مستوٍ واسعٍ تطؤه ذات الظِّلْفِ بظِلْفِها، وتنطحه ذات القرن بقرنها، ليس فيها يومئذ جَمَّاءُ ولا مك
"There is no owner of camels, cattle, or sheep who fails to fulfill their due rights except that, on the Day of Judgment, they will be made to sit in a vast, level plain. There, the hoofed animals will trample them with their hooves, and the horned animals will gore them with their horns. On that day, there will be no hornless or broken-horned animals among them." We asked, "O Messenger of Allah, what are their due…
إن أخرجا جميعا العوض وكان معهما آخر محللا يكافيها كان ذلك جائزا، وإن لم يكن بينهما محلل فبذل أحدهما شيئا طابت به نفسه من غير إلزام له أطعم به الجماعة أو أعطاه للمعلم أو أعطاه لرفيقه كان ذلك جائزا
"If both competitors contribute the prize, and a third person (muḥallil) of equal ability competes alongside them, then this is permissible. However, if there is no muḥallil between them, and one of the competitors…
BENEFIT: Scholars have classified competitions and contests involving financial rewards into three categories:
1. The First Category: Competitions that are permissible both with and without financial rewards. These include competitions involving camels, horses, and archery.
2. The Second Category: Competitions that are prohibited in all cases, whether with or without financial rewards. This includes any competition that involves something unlawful or distracts from an obligatory duty.
3. The Third Category: Competitions…
Kitāb Al-Buyoo’ (Fiqh Al-Muyassar)
Lesson 15 Notes
(9 Sha’bān 1446 H - 8/2/25)
Continuation...
الباب السابع عشر: المسابقة
The 17th Subchapter: Competitions
This is an important topic in our time due to the prevalence of competitions and contests involving prize money/awards. In fact, they have become a means of profit and investment for some institutions and companies.
المسألة الأولى: معناها وحكمها
Its…
For instance, if two parties have had a transaction in the past, but neither party remembers the exact terms or amounts due, they can still reconcile without knowledge of the precise debt or asset inv
BENEFIT: The basis for the permissibility of settling disputes over unknown claims is the hadith of Umm Salama (may Allāh be pleased with her), in which it is reported that two men from the Ansar came to the Prophet ﷺ disputing over inherited property that had become unclear with time, and neither had any evidence to support his claim. The Prophet ﷺ said:
((إنكم تختصمون إليّ، وإنما أنا بشر، ولعل بعضكم أن يكون ألحن…
is subdivided into two types:
صلح الإبراء - forgiveness
صلح المعاوضة - compensation
1.1: صلح الإبراء
Reconciliation through Forgiveness: This type of reconciliation occurs when one party acknowledges a debt or asset owed to the other party and agrees to forgive part of the debt or asset, while accepting the remainder. It is regarded as a partial forgiveness of the debt through the reconciliation process. Such…
It is narrated from ’Amr ibn ’Awf Al-Muzani that the Prophet ﷺ said:
((الصلح جائز بين المسلمين إلا صلحاً أحل حراماً ، أو حرم حلالا))
"Reconciliation is permissible between Muslims, except for a reconciliation that permits what is unlawful or forbids what is lawful" [Reported by Abu Dawood, Hadith 3594; At-Tirmidhi, Hadith 1352; Ibn Majah, Hadith 2352; authenticated by Sheikh Al-Albani].
The Prophet himself was…
((من اقْتَطَعَ حَقَّ امرئٍ مسلم بيمينه، فقد أَوْجَبَ اللهُ له النارَ، وحَرَّمَ عليه الجنةَ» فقال رجل: وإن كان شيئا يسيرا يا رسول الله؟ فقال: «وإنْ قَضِيبًا من أَرَاكٍ))
"Whoever unlawfully seizes the right of a fellow Muslim through a false oath, Allah has made Hellfire obligatory for him and has forbidden Paradise to him." A man asked, "Even if it is something insignificant, O Messenger of Allāh?" The Prophet ﷺ replied, "Even if it is a twig of an arak tree." [Muslim]
This differs from lost property (اللقطة), which may be picked up without the obligation of announcing…
Kitāb Al-Buyoo’ (Fiqh Al-Muyassar)
Lesson 14 Notes
(6 Sha’bān 1446 H - 5/2/25)
Continuation...
الباب الخامس عشر: الغصب
The 15th Subchapter: forcible disposession of property
المسألة الأولى: تعريفه وحكمه
Definition and Ruling
DEFINITION
LINGUISTICALLY
الغَصْبُ لغة: أخذ الشيء ظلمًا
Linguistically: Ghaṣb refers to seizing something unjustly.
LEGISLATIVELY
الاستيلاء على حق الغير ظلماً وعدواناً بغير حق.…
وعن البراء بن عازبٍ رضي الله عنه قال: ((قضى رسول الله ﷺ أنّ حفظ الحوائط بالنهار على أهلها، وأن حفظ الماشية بالليل على أهلها، وأن على أهل الماشية ما أصابت ماشيتهم بالليل)) [رواه أحمد والأربعة إلا الترمذي، وصححه ابن حبان، وفي إسناده اختلافٌ]
BENEFIT: The responsibility of safeguarding orchards/farms during the day falls upon their owners, as they are awake and able to protect them. Additionally, livestock are…
6. If the custodian fears for the deposit or intends to travel, he must return it to its owner or the owner's representative. If neither is available, he should take it with him while traveling if it
Similarly, if the custodian is gravely ill, he must return the deposit to its owners. If he is unable to, he should entrust it to the authorities or to someone he trusts.
7. If the deposit is an animal, the custodian must feed and care for it. If he neglects it and it is lost, he is liable and sinful for his negligence, as there is reward for every living being that is cared for.
Narrated Abu Hurairah (May…
Thus, it is PERMISSIBLE to deposit one's valuables with someone for safekeeping. If a person is capable of safeguarding a trust, it is RECOMMENDED for them to accept a wadī’ah, based on the ḥadīth:
((والله في عون العبد ما دام العبد في عون أخيه)).
"Allāh is in the aid of His servant as long as the servant is in the aid of his brother.” [Muslim]
However, if a person knows they are unable to safeguard the deposit, it is IMPERMISSIBLE for them to accept it.
---------
PILLARS
This arrangement stands on 3 pillars:
1. The depositor المودِع (the owner of the property)
2. The custodian المودَع عنده/الوديع (the…
Kitāb Al-Buyoo’ (Fiqh Al-Muyassar)
Lesson 13 Notes
(5 Sha’bān 1446 H - 4/2/25)
Continuation...
الباب الرابع عشر: الوديعة والإتلافات
The 14th Subchapter: Deposits (Entrusted Items) and Liabilities for Damage/Loss
المسألة الأولى: تعريفها وأدلة مشروعيتها
Definition and Evidence for Its Permissibility
DEFINITION:
LINGUISTICALLY
لغة: فعيلة من ودَع الشيء إذا تركه.
The term "Wadī’ah" is derived from the verb…
At-Tirmidhi added [in his Jāmi’]: "He should be given the opportunity to purchase it, even if he is absent, provided they share the same access route."
____
المسألة الثالثة: في أحكام الجوار
Rulings on Neighbouring Rights
A neighbour holds rights over their neighbour, and the Prophet ﷺ emphasised the importance of good neighbourly relations to the extent that he almost assigned them inheritance rights.
Narrated ’Ā'ishah may Allāh be pleased with her: The Prophet ﷺ said:
((ما زالَ يُوصِينِي جِبْرِيلُ بالجارِ، حتَّى ظَنَنْتُ أنَّه سَيُوَرِّثُهُ))
"[The Angel]…
Sheikh Abdurrahman As-Sa’di, may Allāh have mercy on him, said:
الصحيح أن حق الشفعة كغيره من الحقوق، لا يسقط إلا بما يدل على الرضا بإسقاطه؛ لأن الشارع أثبته لدفع الضرر عن الشريك في العقار، فلا يسقط ما أثبته الشارع إلا بما يدل على إسقاطه من قولٍ أو فعلٍ دالٍّ على الرضا بالإسقاط، وأيُّ فرقٍ بينه وبين سائر الحقوق؟!
وأما الأحاديث التي استدل بها أصحابنا رحمهم الله -يريد بذلك الحنابلة- كالحديث الذي فيه «الشفعة كحل العقال» [6]، والحديث الآخر: «الشفعة لمن واثبها» [7]، فلا يثبت بها حكم…
3. The Pre-empted Object (المشفوع فيه): The right or property subject to pre-emption.
4. The Consideration for Pre-emption (المشفوع به): The amount paid by the pre-emptor to the pre-empted-against party as compensation.
--------------
المسألة الثانية: الأحكام المتعلقة بالشفعة
Rulings Related to Pre-emption
1. A co-owner is not permitted to sell their share without first informing and offering it to their partner. If they proceed with the sale without notifying the partner, the latter retains the…
5. If the landowner enters into a Musāqāh or Muzāra‘ah agreement for a period sufficient for the fruit to mature, but the trees fail to bear fruit that year, the worker is not entitled to any share of
_____
الباب الثالث عشر: الشفعة والجوار
The Thirteen Subchapter: Pre-emption and Neighbouring Rights
المسألة الأولى: معناها وأدلة مشروعيتها
Definition and Evidence of Its Permissibility
DEFINITION
LINGUISTICALLY
لغة: مأخوذةٌ إما من الشفْع، وإما من الزيادة، وإما من الشفاعة.
Shuf’ah is derived either from "pairing," "increase, " or "intercession".
1. الشفْع - (pair)
because the pre-emptor (شفيع) "joins" the…
4. The worker must receive a specified (معلوم) and known share (مشاع) of the yield, such as one-third or one-fourth, rather than a fixed wage.
THEREFORE:
If the profit is not specified, such as if one were to say, "I engage you in a musāqāh contract in exchange for some of their fruit," this would be impermissible due to the ambiguity (جهالة) involved.
Similarly, if one were to say, "I engage you in a musāqāh contract in exchange for 100 kilograms of their fruit," this would also be invalid, as the share is not proportionally allocated (مشاع).
Further…