LEGISLATIVELY

تفويضُ شخصٍ غيرَه؛ ليقوم مقامَه فيما تدخله النيابة. (Wakālah) refers to the act of delegating or assigning authority to another to act on one's behalf in matters that permit representation. RULING & EVIDENCES Wakālah is permissible according to Qur'ān, Sunnah and concensus QUR'ĀN Allāh the Exalted, says: ﴿فَٱبۡعَثُوۤا۟ أَحَدَكُم بِوَرِقِكُمۡ هَـٰذِهِۦۤ إِلَى ٱلۡمَدِینَةِ فَلۡیَنظُرۡ أَیُّهَاۤ أَزۡكَىٰ طَعَامࣰا فَلۡیَأۡتِكُم بِرِزۡقࣲ مِّنۡهُ﴾ "Send one of you with this silver coin of yours to the city and let him look to which is the best of food and bring you provision from it." [Surah Al-Kahf: 19] And He, the Almighty, says: ﴿إِنَّمَا ٱلصَّدَقَـٰتُ لِلۡفُقَرَاۤءِ وَٱلۡمَسَـٰكِینِ وَٱلۡعَـٰمِلِینَ عَلَیۡهَا وَٱلۡمُؤَلَّفَةِ قُلُوبُهُمۡ﴾ "Zakāh expenditures are only for the poor and for the needy and for those employed for it." [Surah At-Tawbah: 60] In this Āyah, Allāh permits the work of collection as an act of representation on behalf of the beneficiaries. SUNNAH: عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ الله قَالَ: أَرَدْتُ الْخُرُوجَ إِلَى خَيْبَرَ فَأَتَيْتُ رَسُولَ الله ﷺ فَسَلَّمْتُ عَلَيْهِ وَقُلْتُ لَهُ إِنِّي أَرَدْتُ الْخُرُوجَ إِلَى خَيْبَرَ .‏ فَقَالَ ((إِذَا أَتَيْتَ وَكِيلِي فَخُذْ مِنْهُ خَمْسَةَ عَشَرَ وَسْقًا فَإِنِ ابْتَغَى مِنْكَ آيَةً فَضَعْ يَدَكَ عَلَى تَرْقُوَتِهِ)).‏ Narrated Jabir ibn Abdullah: I intended to go (on expedition) to Khaybar. So I came to the Prophet ﷺ, greeted him and said: I am intending to go to Khaybar. He said: When you come to my agent, you should take from him fifteen wasqs (of dates). If he asks you for a sign, then place your hand on his collar-bone." [Sunan Abi Dawud, 3632, graded dha'eef by Sheikh Al-Albani, Ad-Dāraqutni (4/155)] عَنْ عُرْوَةَ رضي الله عنه أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ ﷺ أَعْطَاهُ دِينَارًا يَشْتَرِي بِهِ شَاةً، فَاشْتَرَى لَهُ بِهِ شَاتَيْنِ، فَبَاعَ إِحْدَاهُمَا بِدِينَارٍ وَجَاءَهُ بِدِينَارٍ وَشَاةٍ، فَدَعَا لَهُ بِالْبَرَكَةِ فِي بَيْعِهِ، وَكَانَ لَوِ اشْتَرَى التُّرَابَ لَرَبِحَ فِيهِ‏.‏ Narrated ’Urwah Al-Bāriqi may Allāh be pleased with him: That the Prophet ﷺ gave him one Dinar so as to buy a sheep for him. ’Urwah bought two sheep for him with the money. Then he sold one of the sheep for one Dinar, and brought one Dinar and a sheep to the Prophet. On that, the Prophet (ﷺ) invoked Allāh to bless him in his deals. So ’Urwah used to gain (from any deal) even if he bought dust. [Sahih al-Bukhari, 3642, 3643] CONCENSUS: The Muslim Ummah is unanimously agreed on the permissibility of agency due to its necessity. As it is impossible for every individual to personally fulfill all their needs, agency serves as a practical solution to meet these requirements. __ أركان الوكالة The Pillars of Al-Wakālah: 1. The Principal (المُوكِّل): The owner or party delegating authority. 2. The Agent (الوَكِيل): The representative or person acting on behalf of the principal. 3. The Subject of the Agency (المُوكَّل فيه): The matter or task the agent is authorised to handle. ____ المسألة الثانية: شروطها والأحكام المتعلقة بها Conditions and Related Rulings CONDITIONS: 1. Both the wakeel and the principal (muwakkil) must be legally competent, meaning they must be of sound judgment, of legal age, mentally sound, and capable of prudent decision-making. 2. Wakālah is valid for all matters that permit representation, such as buying, selling (عقد المعاوضات) as well as annulments (عقد الفسخ) like Iqālah, divorce and khulʿ, and voluntary contracts (عقد التبرعات) such as goodly loans, gifts, wills, and endowments. It is also valid for acts of worship that allow for representation, such as distributing zakah, paying expiation (on behalf of someone), fulfilling vows, performing Hajj, and similar obligations. BENEFIT: Ibn Qudāmah raḥimahullāh said: «وكل من صح تصرفه في شيء بنفسه، وكان مما تدخله النيابة، صح أن يوكل فيه رجلا كان أو امرأة، حرا أو عبدا، مسلما كان أو كافرا»