بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Kitāb Al-Buyoo’ (Fiqh Al-Muyassar) Notes for Lesson 8 (12 Jumada Ath-Thani 1446 H - 12/1/25) Continuation... الباب الخامس: في السلم The Fifth Subchapter: Salam (Forward Sale) المسألة الأولى: معناه وأدلة مشروعيته والحكمة Its Meaning, Evidence for its Permissibility, and Wisdom DEFINITION LINGUISTICALLY السَّلَم في اللغة السَّلَفُ وزْنًا ومعنًى Linguistically, 'Salam' is similar to 'Salaf' (debt) in both form and meaning. يقال: سَلَّم وأسْلَمَ وسَلَّف وأسْلَفَ LEGISLATIVELY بيع سلعة آجلة موصوفة في الذمة بثمن مُقَدَّم. The sale of a deferred, described commodity as a liability in exchange for an advance payment. EXAMPLE: Person A pays £500 cash to person B in exchange for 100kg of Sukari dates to be delivered on the first day of Ramadan (4 months later). KEYWORDS: - The buyer = المُسلِم or ربّ السلم (the one initiating the Salam contract) - The seller = المسلَم إليه (the one receiving the payment) - The price paid in advance is referred to as رأس مال السلم (the capital of the Salam) - The deferred goods = المسلَم فيه (the subject of the Salam contract) or دين السلم (the debt of the Salam). Evidence for Its Permissibility It is permissible according to: QUR'ĀN: ﴿یَـٰۤأَیُّهَا ٱلَّذِینَ ءَامَنُوۤا۟ إِذَا تَدَایَنتُم بِدَیۡنٍ إِلَىٰۤ أَجَلࣲ مُّسَمࣰّى فَٱكۡتُبُوهُ﴾ "O you who believe! When you contract a debt for a fixed period, write it down." [Surah Al-Baqarah: 282] Point of evidence: This Āyah is general, so it includes to Salam and other transactions. The term debt in this context refers to any transaction in which one of the two countervalues is in cash, while the other is a deferred liability. In fact, Ibn ’Abbās (may Allāh be pleased with him) said: «أشهد أن السلف المضمون إلى أجل مسمى قد أحلَّه الله في كتابه وأذن فيه، ثم قرأ هذه الآية» "I testify that a guaranteed Salaf (advance payment) with a specified due date has been permitted and authorised by Allāh in His Book." He then recited this Āyah. [Reported by Al-Hakim in Al-Mustadrak (3130) and authenticated by Al-Albani in Irwa' Al-Ghalil (5/213)] SUNNAH: Ibn ’Abbās (may Allāh be pleased with him) narrated: قدم رسول الله ﷺ المدينة، وهم يسلفون في الثمار السنة والسنتين، فقال: ((من أسلف، فليسلف في كيل معلوم ووزن معلوم إلى أجل معلوم)) "When the Messenger of Allah ﷺ came to Madinaj, the people were engaged in advance payment transactions for fruits for one or two years. He said: 'Whoever pays in advance for fruits, let him specify a known measure, weight, and term.'" [Agreed upon: narrated by Al-Bukhari, no. 2240, and Muslim, no. 1604)]. CONCENSUS: Imam Al-Nawawi rahimahullah said: «السلم...نوع من البيع ينعقد بما ينعقد به البيع، ويعتبر فيه من الشروط ما يعتبر في البيع، وهو جائز بالكتاب والسنة والإجماع» "Salam...is a type of sale, which is concluded in the same manner as other sales, and it requires the same conditions as those considered in regular sales. It is permissible according to the Qur'an, Sunnah, and consensus." [Al-Majmū’ (13/94)] Wisdom Behind Its Permissibility The Sharī’ah allowed Salam to provide ease for individuals. For instance, a farmer may lack the financial resources to invest in improving and cultivating his land and may not find anyone to lend him money. Therefore, Salam is permitted to ensure he does not miss the benefit of investing in his land. _____ المسألة الثانية: شروطه Its Conditions Salam is a type of sale, and thus its validity is dependent on fulfilling the general conditions of a sale, with the addition of the following specific conditions: 1. The genus and type of the subject of Salam must be specified. Eg: Sukkari dates Genus = Dates Type = Sukkari 2. The subject of Salam must be such that its specifications can be precisely determined. 3. The amount/quantity of the subject of Salam must be known by measure, weight, or length, to avoid disputes. 4. The subject of Salam must be a debt in liability. 5. The due date must be deferred. 6. The term must be known and specified by both parties.