When examining the first group (gold & silver), the علة is clear = الثمينة (currency/monetary nature). As such, modern day paper currency can be analogised with

As for the second group (wheat, barley, date, salt), where there is significant disagreement and no clear علة, Qiyās cannot be confidently applied. As a result: The Ribawi items are: Group 1: Currency 1. Gold ذهب 2. Silver فضّة 3. Paper currency (based on Qiyās) Group 2: Food Items 3. Wheat ٌشَعِير 4. Barley بُرّ 5. Dates تَمْر 6. Salt مِلْح ________ المسألة الثالثة: أنواع الربا Types of Ribā 1st Categorisation: Ribā is categorised into two types: 1. ربا البيوع (Riba in sales) - This occurs between the ribawi items 2. ربا الديون (Riba in Loans) - This occurs in ALL other items 2nd Categorisation: Riba in sales is subdivided into two: 1. Ribā Al-Faḍl (Ribā of excess) Definition: هو الزيادة في أحد البدلين الربويين المتفقين جنساً. This refers to an increase in one of the two exchanged items of the same kind. Example: If a person buys 5kg of gold from another for 5.2kg of gold, with both parties taking possession of their respective items during the same session, the surplus of 0.2kg has no equivalent compensation. It is considered a prohibited excess. Ruling: The Sharī‘ah prohibits Ribā Al-Faḍl in ribawi items: gold, silver, paper currency, wheat, barley, dates, and salt. If one of these items is exchanged for its kind, any increase or disparity in quantity is forbidden. This prohibition is based on the ḥadīth narrated by Abu Sa’eed Al-Khudri (may Allāh be pleased with him), that the Messenger of Allāh ﷺ said: ((الذهب بالذهب والفضة بالفضة، والبر بالبر، والشعير بالشعير، والتمر بالتمر، والملح بالملح، مثلاً بمثل، يداً بيد، فمن زاد أو استزاد فقد أربي، الأخذ والمعطي سواء)) "Gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, dates for dates, salt for salt, equal for equal, hand to hand. Whoever increases or seeks an increase has engaged in usury; the giver and the taker are equal in sin." [Agreed upon; narrated by Al-Bukhari [2175, 2176] and Muslim [1584], with the wording from Muslim]. NOTE: Gold & silver may be mixed with other metals in specific proportions to produce certain karats. When exchanging such gold/silver, it is required to verify that the weight of the pure gold/silver in both items being exchanged is equal even if the overall weight differs!! 2. Ribā An-Nasee'ah (Ribā of deferral) Definition: هو الزيادة في أحد العوضين مقابل تأخير الدفع، أو تأخير القبض في بيع كل جنسين اتفقا في علة ربا الفضل ، ليس أحدهما نقداً. This refers to an increase in one of the two exchanged items in return for delaying payment or the receipt of one of the items in a sale involving two items of the same type where neither is cash. EXAMPLE: If a person sells 1,000 measures of wheat for 1,200 measures of wheat with payment deferred for one year, the excess amount is considered compensation for the delayed payment. Alternatively, if someone sells 1 kilogram of barley for 1 kilogram of wheat without both parties taking possession of the items during the transaction, this also constitutes Ribā. RULING: This is prohibited. The explicit texts in the Qur'ān and Sunnah that forbid and warn against Ribā clearly include this type as a primary form of Ribā. This form of Ribā was widely practiced during the pre-Islamic period (Jāhiliyyah) and is analogous to the practices of modern-day interest-based banks. Abu Sa’eed Al-Khudri (may Allāh be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allāh ﷺ said—after mentioning gold and silver— ((ولا تبيعوا منها غائباً بناجز)) "Do not sell a deferred item for an immediate one." In another narration: ((ما كان يداً بيد فلا بأس به، وما كان نسيئة فهو ربا)) "If it is hand to hand, there is no harm, but if it is deferred, it is usury." [Narrated by Muslim, no. 1589] _____ المسألة الرابعة: صور لبعض المسائل الربوية Examples of Ribā Transactions