The Prophet (ﷺ) gave him a dinar to purchase a sheep. He bought two sheeps with the dinar, then sold one of them for a dinar and returned to the Prophet (ﷺ) wit

Point of evidence: This Companion purchased an additional sheep and sold it without prior permission from the Prophet ﷺ. However, the Prophet ﷺ validated the transaction through his subsequent approval. ________ 4️⃣. أن يكون المبيع مما يباح الانتفاع به The Item Sold Must Be Permissible for Use The item being sold must be something (1) lawful and (2) contain a beneficial use, such as food, drink, clothing, vehicles, property, and similar items. It is not permissible to sell: (1) Prohibited items: such as alcohol, swine, carrion, musical instruments, and tools for entertainment, as proven by the hadith of Jābir (may Allāh be pleased with him), who reported that the Messenger of Allāh ﷺ said: ((إنَّ اللهَ ورسولَه حرَّم بيعَ الخمرِ والميتةِ والخنزيرِ والأصنامِ)) “Allāh and His Messenger have forbidden the sale of alcohol, carrion, swine, and idols.” [Al-Bukhari and Muslim] Additionally, Ibn ’Abbās (may Allāh be pleased with him) narrated that the Prophet ﷺ said: ((إنَّ اللهَ إذا حرَّمَ شيئًا حرَّمَ ثمنَهُ)) “When Allāh prohibits something, He also prohibits its price.” [Ahmad and Abu Dawood] . (2) Lawful items which are of no benefit, as this constitutes wastefulness and consuming other people's wealth unjustly, both of which are impermissible. Allāh ﷻ said: ﴿وَلَا تُسۡرِفُوۤا۟ۚ إِنَّهُۥ لَا یُحِبُّ ٱلۡمُسۡرِفِینَ﴾ "And do not waste. Surely He does not like the wasteful." [Surah Al-Anʿām: 141] And He ﷻ said: ﴿وَلَا تَأۡكُلُوۤا۟ أَمۡوَ ٰ⁠لَكُم بَیۡنَكُم بِٱلۡبَـٰطِلِ﴾ "Do not consume one another’s wealth unjustly." [Surah Al-Baqarah: 188] EXCEPTIONS: (1) There are lawful items with permissible uses, but selling them is not allowed. One such example is the sale of dogs (whether trained or untrained), as mentioned in the hadith of Abu Mas’ud (may Allāh be pleased with him), who reported: ((نهى رسول الله ﷺ عن ثمن الكلب)) "The Messenger of Allāh ﷺ forbade the price of a dog…" [Al-Bukhari and Muslim]. (2) It may be permissible to buy unlawful things if there's a greater interest, eg: (a) Buying alcohol and carrion in cases of extreme necessity (nothing else to eat or drink). (b) Buying a statue with the intent to destroy or recycle it, particularly if the material holds value. _____ 5️⃣. أن يكون المعقود عليه مقدورا على تسليمه The Item Must Be Deliverable The item sold must be deliverable. Selling undeliverable items, like nonexistent or inaccessible goods, is invalid, as this constitutes غَرَر (excessive uncertainty). Such sales are prohibited because the buyer may pay the price but fail to obtain the item. Examples of undeliverable items include fish still in water, unextracted date seeds within dates, birds in the sky, milk still in the udder, unborn animals in the womb, or stray animals. This ruling is based on the hadith of Abu Hurayrah (may Allāh be pleased with him), who said: ((نهى رسول الله ﷺ عن بيع الغرر)) The Messenger of Allāh ﷺ forbade gharar sales.”[ Muslim] NOTE: There are two exceptions to prohibition of selling with uncertainty (غرر): 1. Whatever is included as a part of the sale. If it were sold separately, its sale would not be valid. 2. Whatever is generally tolerated, either due to its insignificance or due to the difficulty in describing or specifying it. Examples of the first include the sale of the foundation of a house, the animal that has milk in its udder, and a pregnant animal. Examples of the second type include a stuffed robe, charging to drink from a water-skin, vegetation, like carrots and potatoes, which grow underground. _____ 6️⃣. أن يكون المعقود عليه معلوما The Item & Price Must Be Known to Both Parties The term (المعقود عليه) includes: 1. المُثمَن = item 2. الثمن = price