2. This exchange involves one of three types of matters:

١. مال = tangible wealth ٢. دين = debt/deferred payment ٣. منفعة = service/benefit 3. These three types must be clearly specified in the contract. However, the manner of specification can vary: ١. مُعين بالإشارة Items that can be directly pointed to, i.e. Physically present ٢. مُعين بالوصف A particular item but it is not physically present at the time of transaction ٣. الموصوف غير المعين A general item known by description; referred to as ما في الذمة (wealth in liability). This refers to wealth that is not physically present or immediately tangible at the time of the transaction but is owed or promised to be delivered in the future. _____ This legislative definition of بيع encompasses the NINE TYPES OF SALES! That is because the acquired item can be: (a) a tangible object, (b) a debt, or (c) a service/benefit. Then, each of these three categories can be divided into three subcategories (according to the method of exchange): ١. ناجز من الطرفين an immediate transaction from both parties, ٢. ونسيئة منهما a deferred transaction from both parties, ٣. وناجز من أحدهما نسيئة من الآخر. or an immediate transaction from one party and a deferred transaction from the other. These are three methods in three categories, making a total of nine types: 1⃣. عين بعين A tangible object for a tangible object. For example: 'Person A sells a copy of فقه الميسر to person B for £10 (CASH).' This is a tangible object for a tangible object. 2⃣. عين بدين A tangible object for a debt. For example: 'Person A sells a copy of فقه الميسر to person B for £10 (DEBT).' This is a tangible object for a debt. 3⃣. عين بمنفعة A tangible object for a benefit. For example: 'Person A pays £10,000 to person B for permanent access to a walkway that passes through his his land.' This is a tangible object for a benefit. 4⃣. دين بعين A debt for a tangible object. For example: 'Person A pays £30 CASH to person B for a tailored thawb, which will be ready after a week (inshaAllah).' This is a debt (tailored thawb) for a tangible object. 5⃣. دين بدين A debt for a debt. This is a sales agreement in which both the goods and payment are deferred. For example: Person A buys £50 worth of rice (DEBT) from Person B, with the delivery scheduled for one week later. NOTE: This type of transaction is referred to as بيع الكالئ بالكالئ and is not permissible! 6⃣. دين بمنفعة A debt for a benefit. For example: 'Person A buys access to a walkway from person B for £10,000 (DEBT).' 7⃣. منفعة بعين A benefit for a tangible object. For example: 'Person A buys access to a walkway from person B for £10,000 (CASH).' 8⃣. منفعة بدين A benefit for a debt. For example: 'Person A buys this walkway from person B for £10,000 (DEBT).' 9⃣. منفعة بمنفعة A benefit for a benefit. For example: 'Person A and person B mutually agree to give each other access to their respective walkways.' CONCLUSION: These are the nine types of sales, and all of them are permissible except when the sale is deferred from both parties, in which case the sale is prohibited and invalid due to the uncertainty (الغرر) and Riba (if it involves a price increase). _______ The two EXCEPTIONS (mentioned in the definition): 1. غير ربا Riba involves a form of exchange, but it is not considered a sale (بيع) because Allāh has made a distinction between the two: ﴿وَأَحَلَّ ٱللهُ ٱلۡبَیۡعَ وَحَرَّمَ ٱلرِّبَوٰا۟ۚ﴾ "Allāh has permitted trade and forbidden riba." [Surah Al-Baqarah: 275] 2. غير قرض Although loans are a form of exchange (eg. person A borrows £1k to person B to repay it at an appointed time), however the purpose of a loan is not المعاوضة (a transaction based on mutual benefit where both parties provide something of value). Rather, it is based on الإحسان والإرفاق kindness and assistance. ______ حكمه: The ruling on بيع (buying & selling) is: PERMISSIBLITY * This is the default ruling (أصل), as established by the Qur'an, Sunnah, Ijmaa, and sound reasoning: